For a Graduate Level Course of 16 lectures：

1. Introduction and Overview (1 week)
2. Celestial Sphere and Coordinates (1 week)
3. Acquisition of Astrophysical Information (1 week)
4. Earth Atmosphere and Corrections (1 week)
5. Space, Radio, and Multi-wavelength Observations (2 weeks)
6. Telescope and Image Formation (1 weeks)
7. Radiation and Photometry (2 weeks)
8. Line Formation and Spectral Analysis (2 weeks)
9. CCDs and Detectors of Various Wavelengths (1 week)
10. Signal, Noise, and Data Processing (1 week)
11. Laboratory Practice – Observing Runs at Lulin (1 week)
12. Data Reduction and Error Analysis (2 weeks)